The remarkable thinker Abraham Infeld affirms that the five pillars of the Jewish identity are: 1) Jewish history and memory; 2) The Halaha (the Jewish Law); 3) The family ties; 4) The Hebrew language; and 5) the bond with the land of Israel. Most of the Jews of the world feel they are part of the Jewish history and memories, they have family ties and they have a bond with the land of Israel.
It is important to consider that at the beginning of the XIX Century, Jews were invited to emancipate in several European countries. The answer of the Jews was not consistent. A group of them did not feel identified with modernity and with this “lay” proposal, so they opted to reject the proposal (in fact, the orthodox Jews dress the same way they did when the offer came through as a way to emphasize their conservationism).
A second answer was one by many Jews, anxious to “be a part”, detached from their Jewish identity. A third answer was one by Jews that separated their national identity (the Jewish people) from their religious identity. Many of them started to identify themselves as “French of Jewish religion”.
A fourth group, disappointed by the failure of the emancipation, opted for the national emancipation that became Zionism.
At present, half of the Jews of the world live in Israel, and most of the Jews of the Diaspora feel identified and support the existence of a state for the Jewish people in the land of Israel.
So, do Jews have a double national identity? Yes, they do. There is a sentimental bond and also a national identification. Most Jews feel part of the Argentinean people and also of the Jewish people. The same happens with an Argentinean-Chinese, and Argentinean-Italian or an Argentinian-Spaniard.